Wednesday, February 29, 2012
Imagine an Ethiopian Jew as Ambassador of Israel to her home land, Ethiopia!
Israel appoints first Ethiopian-born ambassador
By Herb Keinon, JPost | February 29, 2012
Belaynesh Zevadia (MFA) Twenty-eight years after making aliya from Ethiopia, Beylanesh Zevadia will return to her birthplace in the summer – this time as Israel’s ambassador.
The Foreign Ministry’s appointments committee on Tuesday announced Zevadia’s appointment to Addis Ababa.
The 44-year-old will be Israel’s first Ethiopian-born ambassador.
“It is a great honor to be appointed ambassador, and especially the first ambassador from the Ethiopian community,” she said. “I made aliya as a youth and am returning to Ethiopia as an ambassador.”
Zevadia said her appointment was proof that Israel gives opportunities to all, veteran citizens as well as new immigrants.
Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman said that the decision to appoint Zevadia, besides the fact that she is a “talented diplomat,” was also “an important message to Israel, which is currently fighting racism against the Ethiopian community.”
The appointment was a sign of “fighting against prejudice,” he said.
“I am convinced that she will represent Israel with honor and bring pride to the Ethiopian community,” Liberman said. “In Israel people are judged not by their skin color or sex, but rather by their ability to contribute.”
Zevadia, who joined the Foreign Ministry in 1993 as its first Ethiopian-born diplomat, served previously at the consulates in Houston and Chicago.
She grew up in the village of Ambova in the Gondar province, and arrived in Israel at the age of 16 on a Jewish Agency scholarship to study at the Hebrew University.
After attending Jerusalem’s Ulpan Etzion, Zevadia went to work for the Jewish Agency during Operation Moses, the airlift from November 21, 1984 to January 5, 1985, that brought some 8,000 Ethiopian Jews to the country. She worked in helping ease initial absorption pains for the immigrants.
Zevadia’s father was the head kes (religious leader) in Gondar, and died three years after coming to Israel, in 1989.
She has a BA in international relations, and an MA in anthropology and African studies, from the Hebrew University.
MK Danny Danon, head of the Knesset’s Immigration and Absorption committee, characterized the appointment as a “victory for Ethiopian aliya.”
Zevadia was a role model for the entire Ethiopian community and clearly illustrated the phrase that “black is only a color,” he said.
Danon, who said he would dedicate an upcoming committee meeting in her honor, said the appointment gave hope to the community of better integration into society.
Interior Minister Eli Yishai also congratulated Zevadia on her appointment, saying that while it was an important step in stamping out racism, much still needed to be done to eradicate prejudice toward both new and veteran immigrants.
The appointments have to go to the cabinet for final approval.
Land and Water up for lease!
Ethiopia has a new land lease policy that has been recently authorized by the Parliament. It has generated a lot of dialogue across the world.
Cassandra has an interesting take and we need to appreciate her perspective. I wonder what is the land and water lease and ownership policy of her own native land. We need to have this information for comparison purposes so that her reporting will be considered fair and balanced.
Foreign land investment is not a new phenomena and wondered why it becomes a huge issue when dealing with Ethiopia? The policy is applicable across the country and the current interest is only focussed on Gambella one of the 11 regions in ETHIOPIA.
ETHIOPIA DESERVES INVESTING IN ALL SECTORS OF HER ECONOMY, LAND AND WATER IS JUST ONE OF THESE ATTRACTIVE VENTURES.
After 2013, Ethiopia will be a member of the World Trade Organization, and will be open for Global Business. I wonder, the level of discourse this will generate, if we can be so concerned about land and water in Gambella.
Yes, we are open for business and we need more dialogue to promote Global Investment in Ethiopia.
Dr Beai Habte-Jesus, MD, MPH
www.GlobalBelaiJesus.com
Ethiopia: A battle for land and water
By Cassandra Herman | February 29, 2012
TRANSCRIPT:
Anchor introduction: And now a follow-up to a story that aired on NEWSHOUR in April 2010 about foreign land investment in Ethiopia. In the wake of that investment, tens of thousands of residents are being relocated off their ancestral lands and are losing access to valuable farmland and water resources. Reporter Cassandra Herrman brings us this story from the western region of Gambella, Ethiopia.
Reporter Cassandra Herrman: The Anuak people of the Gambella region have lived in scattered settlements like this for centuries, growing maize in wetter months and farming closer to the river in the dry season.
But last year, the Ethiopian government launched a program called “villagization.” Officials told the people here they would be relocated to areas with better access to clean water, health and education. But this woman says they were forced to move under false pretenses.
Tenyi woman: When we left our farm, our crops were ready for harvest, but they told us to leave them in the field, that we would find plenty of corn and other food in the new place we were moving. But they don’t give you enough food to fill you up. They give you food in a small container, but it can’t even feed a family for a day.
Reporter: The plight of the Anuak people is at the heart of a complex battle over land ownership and water rights between farmers, the government and foreign investors. It’s a battle that’s being fought in many African countries.
The Ethiopian government officially owns title to all the land here, but farmers have the right to use it. The government calls this land “abandoned” because it’s so sparsely populated. But Anuak say they need it – some for grazing, some to lay fallow – and that it’s the best farmland in the country.
Tenyi man: Moving us to a new village might be good for the government, but not for us. It’s not good to move a person from the land they have lived on for generations. Maybe the government thinks we are not worthy enough to live on such beautiful land, and they want to have it.
Reporter: Over the next two years, 1.5 million people in four regions of Ethiopia will be relocated. The government insists that the villagization program is voluntary. But Human Rights Watch says Anuak are being forced to move so that the government can lease the land to investors. The rights group recently documented cases of violence and arbitrary arrest.
Okok Ojulu: Land is political; land is very emotional. And land is our identity.
Reporter: Anuak leader Okok Ojulu was a voice of resistance against villagization. Fearing for his life, Ojulu fled Ethiopia and now lives in exile in neighboring Kenya.
Ojulu: I see my village – very small in the face of this big population coming in – I see a big threat. We need to fight for the future of our children.
Reporter: Ojulu says it’s not just his people’s land that’s at stake. Gambella, with several rivers and a sizable dam, is rich in water resources. Water is the driving force behind many agricultural deals on the African continent.
This rice farm is owned by a Saudi sheik and is on land that the Anuak consider theirs. According to the company, Saudi Star, when completed, this rice farm will be the largest in Africa.
CEO: Our objective is to put Ethiopia on the rice map of the world. We would like to export about 1 million tons of rice. We expect about $1 billion of income for the country.
Reporter: In many places in the world, water is becoming a scarce resource. Saudi Star’s rice will go to Gulf nations no longer able to irrigate their own crops. To attract investors to this area of the Nile River Basin, the Ethiopian government puts few, if any, restrictions on water usage in its contracts with foreign companies.
Saudi Star will spend $2.5 billion on the rice farm – on clearing forest, on their fleet of new tractors and combines, and on experts like Muhammad Manzoor Khan, one of the project’s directors.
Muhammad Manzoor Khan: It is a lot of rice for the world market and also for the local people. This project is generating a lot of income. It can really bring a kind of revolution in food production, as well as uplifting the social conditions of the people around.
Reporter: But Ethiopians don’t typically eat rice, and many question the move to grow crops for export when Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa have a long history of periodic hunger caused by war and weather problems.
Dessalegn Rahmato: This country is a country that has suffered food insecurity and famine, still suffers food insecurity, and yet gives out these huge land resources to foreign capital.
Reporter: Dessalegn Rahmato is a food policy expert with the Forum for Social Studies. He says making sure people have access to food should be the government’s priority.
Rahmato: There is no provision in any of the contracts signed by the government and investors – there is no provision for food security, local food security, at all. And if there are people starving there, it’s not their concern.
Reporter: In the capital, Addis Ababa, the government says the way to ensure people can afford food is to provide jobs through attracting investment and foreign currency. At the Ministry of Agriculture, Director of Investment Essayas Kebede says that as a country of farmers, Ethiopia needs agricultural exports in order to pay for importing necessary items.
Essayas Kebede: To have tractors, to have harvesters, to have equipment and to have fertilizer. We are importing fertilizer, we are importing oil; we are importing everything!
Reporter: But in Gambella, Anuak say they are not seeing the benefits of the country’s investment strategy. While companies like Saudi Star now have access to much of the region's best land and water, the leader of this village says they’ve been moved to drier areas, where farming is more difficult.
Perbongo leader: If they take all the water from the small river, the river will dry up. Then where would we get water? I heard also they are planning to take water from the lake a few kilometers from here.
Reporter: The lake he is referring to is the Alwero Dam. Saudi Star is close to finishing an 18-mile canal from the dam to irrigate their rice fields.
Perbongo leader: If I knew that they were moving me so they could sell my land, I would have refused to leave, so they could kill me and bury me in my own land! That would have been better.
Reporter: Many of the relocated communities could face endemic hunger as early as next year, according to Human Rights Watch. Most are still waiting for farms or seed. More than 12 million Ethiopians are currently in need of food assistance.
The future for groups like the Anuak grows increasingly uncertain as the global land rush continues not just in Ethiopia, but in dozens of countries across the African continent.
Tuesday, February 28, 2012
The energy landscape of the 3-D shape sequence of a protein
http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/mps_lectures_f.jpg
Although researchers might know the sequence of a protein, in many cases how it folds into a 3-D shape remains a mystery. Current research aims to explain what shapes of energy landscapes lead to foldable proteins and how these are encoded in the sequence.
This image shows a funnel landscape of an evolved protein. At high temperature the protein configurations will be found near the top of the funnel, but they will suddenly fall to the bottom (as shown here) as the temperature falls below the folding temperature.
Credit: Peter Wolynes, Rice University, and The Royal Society (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 15 February 2005 vol. 363 no. 1827 453-467)
Download the high-resolution JPG version of the image. (58 KB)
Use your mouse to right-click (Mac users may need to Ctrl-click) the link above and choose the option that will save the file or target to your computer.
The Global Economic Prospects: Uncertainties and vulnerabilities
Global Economic Prospects: Uncertainties and
vulnerabilities
January 2012
Page 1 of 4
Executive Summary
The world economy has
entered a dangerous period. Some of the financial turmoil in Europe has spread
to developing and other high-income countries, which until earlier had been
unaffected.
This contagion has
pushed up borrowing costs in many parts of the world, and pushed down stock
markets, while capital flows to developing countries have fallen sharply.
Europe appears to have entered recession.
At the same time,
growth in several major developing countries (Brazil, India and, to a lesser
extent, Russia, South Africa and Turkey) is significantly slower than it was
earlier in the recovery, mainly reflecting
policy tightening initiated in late 2010 and early 2011 in order to
combat rising inflationary pressures. As a result, and despite a strengthening
of activity in the United States and Japan, global growth and world trade have
slowed sharply.
In this context,
prospects are very uncertain…Indeed, the world finds itself, in January 2012,
living a version of the downside scenarios discussed as a risk just 6 months
ago when the June edition of Global Economic Prospects (GEP) was released. As a
result, forecasts have been significantly downgraded in this edition of GEP.
The global economy is now expected to expand 2.5 and 3.1 percent in 2012 and
2013 (3.4 and 4percent when calculated using purchasing power parity weights),
versus the 3.6 percent projected in June for both years.
High-income country
growth is now expected to come in at 1.4 percent in 2012 (-0.3 percent for Euro
Area countries, and 2.1 percent for the remainder) and 2 percent in 2013,
versus a June forecast of 2.7 and 2.6 percent for 2012 and 2013 respectively.
Developing country
growth has been revised down to 5.4 and 6 percent versus 6.2 and 6.3 percent in
June.
Reflecting the
growth slowdown, world trade, which expanded by an estimated 6.6 percent in
2011, will grow only 4.7 percent in 2012, before strengthening to 6.8 percent
in 2013.
However, even
achieving these much weaker outturns is very uncertain. The downturn in Europe
and the slow growth in developing countries could reinforce one another more
than is anticipated in the base line scenario, resulting in even weaker
outturns and further complicating efforts to restore market confidence.
Meanwhile, the
medium-term challenge represented by high debts and slow trend growth in other
high income countries has not been resolved and could trigger sudden adverse
shocks. Additional risks to the outlook include the possibility that political
tensions in the Middle East and North Africa disrupt oil supply, and the
possibility of a hard landing in one or more important middle-income countries.
While the situation in
high-income Europe is contained for the moment, if the crisis expands and
markets deny financing to several additional European economies, outturns could
be much worse, with global GDP more than 4 percent lower than in the baseline.
Although such a crisis, should it occur, would be centered in Europe, developing countries would feel its
effects deeply, with developing country
GDP
declining by 4.2
percent by 2013.
In the event of a
major crisis, the downturn may well be longer than in 2008/09 because
high-income countries do not have the fiscal or monetary resources to bail out
the banking system or stimulate demand to the same extent as in 2008/09.
Although developing countries have some maneuverability on the monetary side,
they could be forced to pro-cyclically cut spending – especially if financing for fiscaldeficits
dries up. Global Economic Prospects: Uncertainties and vulnerabilities
January 2012
Page 2 of 4
Contagion spreads to
developing countries…
The heightened market
volatility since August 2011 has differed qualitatively from earlier ones
because this time the credit default swaps (CDS) spreads have increased by an
average of 117 basis points (bps) between the end of July 2011 and early
January 2012, as did those of almost all Euro Area countries, including France
and Germany, and those of non-Euro Area countries, such as the United Kingdom.
For developing
countries, the contagion has been broadly based. In addition to higher bond
spreads and CDS rates, developing-country stock markets have lost 8.5 percent
of their value since July-end. This, combined with the 4.2 percent drop in
high-income stock-market valuations, has translated into $6.5trillion, or 9.5
percent of global GDP, in wealth losses.
Perhaps more
importantly, capital flows to developing countries have
weakened sharply as investors withdrew substantial sums from
developing-country markets in the second half of the year. Overall, gross
capital flows to developing countries plunged to $170 billion in the second
half of 2011, only 55 percent of the $309 billion received during the like period
of 2010. Equity issuance plummeted 80 percent to $25 billion with exceptionally
weak flows to China and Brazil accounting for much of the decline. Bond
issuance almost halved
to $55 billion, due to a large fall-off
in East Asia and emerging Europe.
The decline in syndicated bank loans was much less marked, largely because such
activity remained very depressed following the 2008/09 crisis.
The real-side effects
of the post-August turmoil are somewhat difficult to discern, in part
because the slowing of industrial
production growth in several large middle-income countries preceded the
resurgence of financial tensions in August. Indeed, activity in Europe and
Central Asia, the United States and Japan has accelerated since August. Trade
data, on the other hand, suggests a clearer impact from the post August turmoil
and weakness in Europe.
Global trade volumes
declined at an annualized pace of 8
percent during the three months ending October 2011, mainly reflecting a 17
percent annualized decline in European imports. Developing-country exports
declined at a 1.3 percent annualized pace in the third quarter of 2011 and have
continued to decline through November, with the sharpest contractions in South
Asia (following very rapid export growth in the first half of the year).
Exports from East Asia have also been falling at double-digit annualized rates,
in part because of disruptions to supply chains caused by the
Flooding in Thailand.
Developing countries
are more vulnerable than in 2008…
Whatever the actual
outcomes for the world economy in 2012 and 2013, several factors are clear.
First, growth in high-income countries is going to be weak as they struggle to
repair damaged financial sectors and badly stretched fiscal balance sheets.
Developing countries will have to search increasingly for growth within the
developing world, a transition that has already begun but is likely to bring
with it
challenges of its own.
One of the most
positive elements of the recession of 2008/09 was the speed with which
developing countries (other than those in Central and Eastern Europe) exited
the crisis. By 2010, 53 percent of developing countries had regained levels of
activity close to, or even above, estimates of their potential output. This
time, developing countries look to be more vulnerable if there is a sharp
deterioration in global conditions.
Even though fiscal conditions are still generally better
in developing countries than in high-income countries, government balances have
deteriorated by two or more percent of GDP in almost 44 percent of
developing countries
and some 27 developing countries have government deficits of 5 or more percent
of Global Economic Prospects: Uncertainties and vulnerabilities
January 2012
Page 3 of 4
GDP in 2012. As a result,
developing countries have much less fiscal space available to respond to a new
crisis.
Should conditions in
high-income countries deteriorate and a second global crisis materializes,
developing countries will find themselves operating with much less abundant
capital, less vibrant trade opportunities and weaker financial support for both
private and public activity. Under these conditions, prospects and growth rates
that seemed relatively easy to achieve during the first decade of this millennium
may become much more difficult to attain in the second, and vulnerabilities
that remained hidden during the boom period may become visible and require
policy action.
In this highly
uncertain environment, developing countries should evaluate their
vulnerabilities and prepare contingencies to deal with a downturn.
• If global financial
markets freeze up, governments and firms may be unable to finance growing
deficits. Countries should engage in contingency planning, prioritizing social
safety nets and infrastructure spending to assure longer-term growth. Problems
are likely to be particularly acute for developing countries with external
financing needs that exceed 5 percent of GDP. Where possible, they should
pre-finance to avoid abrupt cuts in government and private sector spending.
• A renewed financial
crisis could accelerate the ongoing financial-sector deleveraging process. Several
countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, reliant on high-income European
banks, are particularly vulnerable to a sharp reduction in wholesale funding
and domestic bank activity.
Deleveraging of banks
in high-income countries could result in a forced sell-off of foreign
subsidiaries, and affect valuations of foreign and domestically-owned banks in
countries with large foreign presences. And slower growth and deteriorating
asset prices could rapidly increase nonperforming loans throughout the
developing world. To prevent domestic banking crises, countries should engage
in stress testing of their domestic banking sectors.
• A severe crisis in
high-income countries could put pressure on the balance of payments and
government accounts of countries heavily reliant on commodity exports and
remittance inflows. A severe crisis could cause remittances to developing
countries to decline by 6 or more percent, with particularly acute impacts
among the 24 countries where remittances represent 10 or more percent of
GDP. Oil and metal
exporting countries would also be affected in a major crisis. The fiscal
balances of major oil and metal exporters could deteriorate by 4 or more
percent of GDP. Although lower food prices would reduce incomes of producers
(partially offset by lower oil and fertilizer prices), it would benefit
consumers. Global Economic Prospects: Uncertainties and vulnerabilities
January 2012
2009
2010 2011e
2012f 2013f
Global Conditions
World Trade Volume
(GNFS) -10.6
12.4 6.6
4.7 6.8
Commodity Prices (USD
terms)
Non-oil commodities -22.0 22.4 20.7
-9.3 -3.3
Oil price $.bbl 61.8
79.0 104.0
98.2 97.1
International capital
flows to developing countries (% of GDP)
Developing countries
Net private and
official inflows 4.2
5.8
4.5
Net private inflows
(equity + debt) 3.7 5.4 4.3 3.3
3.7
East Asia and Pacific 3.7
6.0 4.7
3.4 3.7
Europe and Central
Asia
2.7 5.0 3.6 2.0 2.9
Latin America and
Caribbean 3.9
6.0 4.8
4.1 4.3
Middle East and N.
Africa 2.8
2.4 2.0
1.2 1.6
South Asia 4.6
5.0 3.9
3.3 3.7
Sub-Saharan Africa 4.0
3.7 3.9
3.5 4.4
Real GDP growth
5 World
-2.3 4.1 2.7
2.5 3.1
Memo item: World (PPP
weights) -0.9 5.0 3.7 3.4 4.0
High income -3.7
3.0 1.6
1.4 2.0
Euro Area -4.2
1.7 1.6
-0.3 1.1
Japan -5.5
4.5 -0.9
1.9 1.6
United States -3.5
3.0 1.7
2.2 2.4
Developing countries 2.0
7.3 6.0 5.4 6.0
East Asia and Pacific 7.5
9.7
8.2 7.8 7.8
Europe and Central
Asia -6.5
5.2 5.3
3.2 4.0
Latin America and
Caribbean
-2.0 6.0 4.2 3.6 4.2
Middle East and N.
Africa 4.0
3.6 1.7 2.3 3.2
South Asia 6.1 9.1 6.6
5.8 7.1
Sub-Saharan Africa 2.0
4.8
4.9 5.3 5.6
Table 1.1 The global
outlook in summary
(percentage change
from previous year, except interest rates and oil price)
Source: World Bank.
Notes: PPP =
purchasing power parity; e = estimate; f = forecast.
1. Simple average of
Dubai, Brent and West Texas Intermediate.
2. Aggregate growth
rates calculated using constant 2005 dollars GDP weights.
3. Calculated using
2005 PPP w
Thursday, February 16, 2012
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghanna at AU in Addis Ababa
Ethiopians give lacklustre welcome to Kwame Nkrumah statue
By Daniel Howden, | February 15, 2012
Ethiopians are signing a petition demanding that a statue of the pan-Africanist leader which was recently unveiled outside the new African Union headquarters be joined by one of the late emperor Haile Selassie or removed.
Ethiopians are signing a petition demanding that a statue of the pan-Africanist leader which was recently unveiled outside the new African Union headquarters be joined by one of the late emperor Haile Selassie or removed.
Remebering Adwa: Ethiopian Victory over Italy, March, 011896
The Glorious Victory at Adwa in 1896 (A Speech to the Ethiopian Communities of Washington, DC, and East Lansing, Michigan)
By Prof. Getachew Haile | Speech originally made in 1996; Published on Ethiomedia.com on February 16, 2012
But I honestly do not know of any ethnic group to which I should belong. So, to which of the eight or so ethnic homelands, to which Bantustan, or Reservation, or Killil, would I go? I am sure that the TPLF, after a superficial interview would assign me a homeland and issue me a pass to go there.
 |
| Prof. Getachew Haile (Ethiomedia) |
 |
| Click here for info about the newest book on the Battle of Adwa |
I would like to thank the organizers of this centenary celebration for making the celebration possible and for giving me the honor and the opportunity to be here among you to share the pride we derive from the world-famous victory of Adwa.
The right place to celebrate the Adwa centenary is of course Ethiopia. But Ethiopia is off limit for Ethiopians. You may ask, how so; since many of you might have visited or could visit that region any time you wanted.
My answer is simple: I do not want to go there as a tourist. When I go to Ethiopia, I want to feel that I go home because Ethiopia, where Illubabor is, where Gondar is, where Gojjam is, where Kefa is, where Harer is, where Shoa is, where Bale is, where Tigray is, where Wollegga is, where Arsi is, where Gamo Gofa is, where Eritrea is, where Sidamo is, is home. For the TPLF, however, my home is not Ethiopia but my so-called ethnic homeland.
Are there Ethiopians in Addis Ababa who are not asked to pack up and go home? Yes, there are: one of them is Ato Meles Zenawi, the architect of the Ethiopian Bantustan. He is there as head of the traffic police and hit squad (the TPLF) which, with their bayonets, show the evacuees the way to their homelands. The others who have not yet been asked to go home will soon have their turn.
These people either know the truth and are resigned to the fact that they can do nothing, or believe that the worst is over, that it was a close call when their neighbors were asked to get lost. The truth is they are needed only until substitutes are semi-trained. They, we, as well as whoever cares, have already seen how members of the so-called Council of Representatives of the so-called Transitional Government of Ethiopia were used and thrown out in the rain, how the officials of the Telecommunications were used and then put in jail as a prelude to their dismissal, how the president of Addis Ababa University was used to destroy the lives of his longtime colleagues (his colleagues since the foundation of the University in the early 1960’s) and was finally told that he was no longer needed once the mission entrusted to him was successfully accomplished.
Nevertheless, we do not despair.
As Atse Zer’a Ya'iqob (1434-1468) once said, despair is the worst enemy of mankind. Ethiopia is land and people. Wherever we go, we take Ethiopia with us. No one, not even someone with the mightiest power on earth at his disposal, can take Ethiopia out of us. Zeray Deres took it with him to Italy and fought for it in the middle of Rome. Ethiopia was with Abdissa Aga in the jungles of Italy and Yugoslavia when he fought against the Italians with Marshal Tito. Each of us in the diaspora here and elsewhere has taken it to his or her new country. We are now at this moment with Ethiopia, for we hear her say, to borrow from the Bible, “For where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.”
No, today is not the day for despair. Let me tell you what I firmly believe: No one can kill Ethiopia. The only way Ethiopia can die is by committing suicide. Will that happen? You and I have to answer this question, for Ethiopia’s suicide will come only through us, her children, if we fight each other. I hope and pray that we will not go on doing that. We have stable and solid communities.
We are the products of a long history and culture that bind us together. The rains may fall, the floods may come and the winds may blow and push that nation, as they have done in the past. In the end, the country -- nation, people and land --- will survive.
Most of you may have heard or read about how Eritrea was a colony of Ethiopia. The latest advocate of this fairy tale is none other than the present Prime Minister of Ethiopia. But his work is only the tip of the iceberg; be prepared to hear more. In this month’s (March 1996) issue of the Ethiopian Register (EtR), Professor Sven Rubenson writes of the appearance of some new Tigrinya-speaking scholars who claim that the battle of Adwa was exclusively an Italo-Tigrean affair, that the Italian army moved south from Eritrea and occupied Mekele to unite the Tigrinya speakers under its rule, and never intended to move south beyond Tigray which, at that time, was supposedly an autonomous state.
Why then did the Ethiopian army, first led by Ras Mekonnen and FitawrariGebeyyehu and later by Atse Menelik himself, come to the front line? The answer for these revisionists is the force from the south was not the Ethiopian army, which included Tigray. Rather, that army was the army of a neighboring state — “Shoa headed by Nigus Menelik.” Atse Menelik and his “Shoan army” supposedly marched north to help Tigray and its ruler, Ras Mengesha. When Mengesha won the war, “Nigus Menelik and his Shoan army” went back to Shoa. In short, the 1896 war at Adwa was between Tigray and Italy of Eritrea, and the victory was Tigray’s.
According to this fairy tale, the victory of Adwa should, therefore, be celebrated at Adwa, in Tigray, by the Tigreans, with guests from other countries, including the other killils or Bantustans of Ethiopia, invited to watch and to applaud as the present-day Tigreans make shillela and qererto for their ancestors’ victory. For this celebration countless historical artifacts, that is to say the national heritage preserved in the museums and monasteries of the country, have been carried away to Tigray.
In the nineteenth century, European powers were out to grab and colonize any country in their reach. The strength as well as the weakness of their race to colonize was, of course, the competition among them. Though they frequently collaborated in their efforts, as they raced against one another, they were contained by the other. In the countries they did colonize, each worked to make the natives feel inferior by presenting themselves as superior creatures. They valued “the white man’s prestige,” to be guarded at all costs. Sir Winston Churchill’s comment on the victory of Adwa is an example: “On the 1st of March, 1896, the Battle of Adwa was fought and Italy, at the hands of Abyssinia, sustained a crushing defeat. Two results followed which affected other nations. First, a great blow had been struck at European prestige in North Africa. Second, the value of Italy as a factor in European politics was depreciated.”
Only a nation with pride, a high degree of solidarity among its citizens, and blessed with leaders which used the colonialists’ competition against them could hope to resist colonialization. In all of Africa, only one nation, Ethiopia, led by one rare leader, Menelik, was able to remain independent. About Menelik, enough cannot be said. In the years leading to Adwa, Ethiopia had been blessed with brave and religious leaders, such as Tewodros (1855-1868) and Yohannes (1872-1889), but only with one brave, religious and astute politician: Menelik (1889-1913). Swimming in a sea infested with sharks, he came out unscathed and Ethiopia bitten, but not swallowed.
A brief background of events that led to the battle of Adwa is as follows: Italy was able to take Massawa in 1885, and plant herself in the Mereb Millash highlands shortly thereafter, because at that time the central administration lacked adequate intelligence about Egypt and Italy. Without such vital information, the bravery and political wisdom of Yohannes could not stand up to the treachery of Great Britain, the deep desire of Italy to occupy the Red Sea coast, and the problems created by his struggle for power with Menelik of Shoa and Gobeze of Amhara. Furthermore, one cannot underestimate the extent to which the Napier Expedition (1868) left the impression in the regions it traveled that Europeans were invincible. The sound of Napier’s cannons, the size of his shells and the distance they covered were simply too much for Ethiopian society of that time. Indeed, an Ethiopian chronicler explained his wonder at the size of the shells by noting how the women in the village used them as water jars. In taking Massawa at a time, Italy certainly benefited from that impression.
According to Portal (the British envoy to the court of Yohannes in 1887), when, in 1880’s Atse Yohannes complained to Queen Victoria about the Egyptian occupation of Massawa, poor Egypt had no army worthy of the name, no officers deserving of confidence, no money, no credit and no men.” Had Yohannes known then how weak the colonialists actually were, Ethiopia would not have bothered to complain to a foreign power when the region, including the port, was hers to liberate. In fact, the Italians managed to conquer Massawa with a small contingent because the Egyptians had already abandoned it; they had “no men” there at that time. Let us not forget that Harer, too, was abandoned by Egypt at about the same time.
The tragic story of British treachery is probably well known to most of you. When “poor Egypt had no army worthy of the name, no officers deserving of confidence, no money, no credit and no men,” its “protectors”, the British, turned to Ethiopia, who had everything Egypt lacked, and used her. Signing a treaty at Adwa in 1884, they asked the Atse to use his army to facilitate the withdrawal through Ethiopia of the Egyptian colonialist troops besieged by the Sudanese. In return, Ethiopia was promised by the treaty the return of the territories annexed to Sudan and access to the port of Massawa.
Understandably, the Sudanese did not like the deal. They wanted to capture their enemies and confiscate their arms. How was Ethiopia expected to comply with the Adwa Treaty? Eager to have his lost territories back and access to his own port, the Atse sent troops which fought the Sudanese and rescued the Egyptian troops. We defeated the Sudanese and stationed the Egyptian colonial soldiers at Massawa. The most painful part of the story is that more Ethiopians died in the fight than the Egyptians we rescued did. The Egyptians did not bother to fight or even to carry their own baggage. And only a year later, Massawa fell in the hands of the Italians who refused to honor the Adwa Treaty and denied Ethiopia access to the port. All we achieved from the endeavor was Sudanese enmity.
Had the Atse at least not failed to station an Ethiopian garrison in Metemma (Qallabat) at the time, he would have not died there in 1889. When Massawa became “no king’s land” -- because the Egyptian troops which the Atseplaced there were forced to return to Egypt because they had no supplies in Massawa -- Italy moved in, with a handful of soldiers, in February of 1885. The Atse, having allowed the opportunity to slip from him, complained again to Queen Victoria, this time for encouraging the Italians (instead of him) to take the abandoned Massawa.
Once the Italians took the port, they started inching into the hinterland. This angered Ras Alula, the governor of the region; so he destroyed all who came as far as Dogali (Jan. 1887). But the Atse, who believed that the Italians would leave his country through peaceful negotiations, reprimanded Ras Alula. I assume you know who Ras Alula was. If there is anyone here who does not know of this awe-inspiring general, I recommend that he/she read his obituary in the February 27,1897 issue of The New York Times, or the report by Portal, British Consul-General at Zanzibar, who wrote that Alula, “the owner of that powerful, cruel, and intelligent face would be bound to make his name known in any country, either as a leader or as a destroyer of men.” The Consul General tells us that he “had seen such eyes in the head of a tiger --
The Dogali incident was followed by the infamous battle of Sahati (March 1887). Sahati could have been used to secure Ethiopia a place in the arena of world powers, had her leaders considered the weather of the lowlands when preparing for the battle. Adwa (1896) and Maichew (1936) would never have taken place. What happened at Sahati, instead, was this:
As soon as the Italians realized they could proceed into the hinterland unchallenged (after Alula’s reprimand), they moved inland to Sahati with a force of 20,000 men and built there a fortification impregnable by Ethiopian weaponry. The Atse, with about 200,000 men, moved to deal with the invaders. He brought his army as far as Sahati.
One of the contingents mustered against Ethiopia, siding with the Italians, was that of Dejjazmach Debbeb, a cousin of Atse Yohannes. According to Dejjazmach Dr. Zewde Gabre-Sellassie, the great great grandson of AtseYohannes, Dejjazmach Debbeb quickly abandoned the Italian cause, calculating “that the balance of power was shifting to the Ethiopians.” In his political biography of Atse Yohannes (Oxford 1975), Dr. Zewde continues: “Debbeb’s defection at this time was unfortunate for the Italians, not only because of his strong, well-armed force, but also because he possessed knowledge of the numbers, positions, and plans of the Italian forces and fortifications. Furthermore, if Yohannes chose not to attack, the Italians would be forced by the heat to withdraw within six weeks.”
Upon reaching Sahati, what did this massive Ethiopian force do? Seeing that the Italians were well fortified, theAtse wrote them a letter “demanding that (they) should return to Massawa... with Lij Wossen as a messenger." When they ignored him, he “sent a second letter, asking for an answer to his demand, and thanking (the commander of the invading force) for the warm reception he had accorded his envoy Lij Wossen.”
When the Italians ignored him again, he withdrew with his 200,000 men “feeling secure,” according to DejjazmachDr. Zewde, “that there was no serious or immediate threat from the Italians.” Well, there was a “serious” and “immediate threat” of lasting consequences: the Italians occupied Asmara and positioned themselves to sustain any attack as soon as the Atse -- because of the bad weather and a shortage of supplies -- withdrew and marched to Metemma where the “enemies” were fellow Africans. This is the central story of the loss of northern Ethiopia to the Italians, and the event which led the colonialists to believe they could colonize all of Ethiopia.
Well, on to Adwa, I will leave the details of the battle and victory itself to the other speakers. I will only add a paragraph or two to indicate how vulnerable northern Ethiopia was when Atse Yohannes fell at Metemma in 1889. It is reported in some sources that as Atse Yohannes had no heirs -- his only child, Prince Araya, having died earlier -- he, as Atse of Ethiopia, and Menelik, as his vassal in Shoa, had agreed that in the event of Yohannes’ death, Menelik would succeed him to the throne.
But when Atse Yohannes fell at the battle of Metemma in 1889, he declared that Mengesha, was his son and his heir to the throne. Until then it was not officially known that the Atse had a son (other than the deceased Araya), much less one that he would make his heir. Moreover, any objective assessment of the political situation at that time makes clear that the Atse had loaded Mengesha with a burden which he could never carry. Because theAtse’s army had disintegrated at Metemma, in the far west, while Menelik’s massive and well-equipped army was intact, and in the center of the country. And while such internal power struggles ran their course, Italian occupation of the far north became a reality.
One other point about Adwa, the question whether Atse Menelik could have marched into Asmara after the victory of Adwa to throw the Italians into the sea is frequently asked? Harold Marcus and Tsegaye Tegenu, in the March (1996) issue of EtR, and Shumet Sishagne, in the April (1996) issue of the same news magazine, address the question at length. I agree with these authors that Menelik simply did not have the resources to do so. However, it is not clear to me why Atse Menelik did not at least insist on greater revisions to the Treaty of Wichale (May 1889) at the Addis Ababa (October 1896) convention. Ethiopia won a resounding victory at Adwa, but for reasons unknown, Atse Menelik agreed to abide by the additional convention which Dejjazmach Mekonnen signed at the ratification ceremony of the original treaty. This convention expanded the colony’s border miles into northern Ethiopia.
What do we learn from the victory of Adwa? Many things, if we have the humility to learn from history and if we focus our eyes on the prize: the liberation of Ethiopia from dictatorship and the restoration of our nation’s dignity. I do not list some of these many things because you do not know them, but to underscore their importance.
(1) Our solidarity must be tough. The Ethiopians’ high level of unity was crucial to the Adwa victory. That same level of unity guaranteed victory in 1941. The old national anthem does not fail to recognize this: “For your patriots (0 Ethiopia) have become of one mind” (tebabrewallinna arbenyochisch). It is not in our tradition to abandon our brothers and sisters at the front line for any reason. Wherever there is struggle, we have to be of one mind and of one united front. Now is not the time for struggle between parties, especially when the struggle takes place in cities which are not our political fields. Let us today celebrate together Adwa’s centenary and the coordination of party activities until we win the field for separate activities.
I mentioned at the outset that Ethiopia would die only by suicide. What I call suicidal is party feuds in the wrong place and at the wrong time. The instant gratification which we derive from “I gave them a piece of my mind,” orlikk likkachewin neggerkuwachew, must stop. Who are we fighting, each other or the TPLF/EPLF? What are we fighting for, to bring democracy to our nation or to be the next dictators? I want you to declare truce and pledge and swear in the name of Ethiopia that you struggle for democracy and for Ethiopia’s territorial integrity, and that principle will guide your every action. Temporary suspension of separate party activities is not a dissolution of political activity but a coordination and strengthening of such activities.
The foundation for solidarity is acceptance as part of the united front everyone who accepts the group’s rules, regardless of their background. Shoa, home to Menelik, is home to many ethnic groups. Atse Menelik was born to a woman of unknown origin. His grandfather, Ras Sahle Sillase, came from Amhara and Oromo ancestors. For theAtse, his people’s background was of absolutely no importance.
The following remark by the historian Aleqa Atsme may be of interest to you: “On the day of his coronation, his Majesty gave to the soldiers titles, titles which were instituted (and recorded) in the history of King Suseneyos. ForAtse Suseneyos/Siltan Segged had instituted 35 titles detailing the function and regional administration (for each).Atse Yohannes, too, had given titles according to this tradition but only to the people of his homeland Tigray. TheAtse (Menelik) on the other hand, bestowed these titles of honor to people who came from other homelands; he did not bestow them on too many people from Shoa.”
Menelik’s actions seem remarkable only today. But for Menelik and his court, ethnicity was not a thing that wanted much attention. Perhaps that is why so many of us who come from that region -- Amhara, Oromo, Gurage, etc. -- do not understand the concept of ethnic-based struggles. Class struggles, yes. Gender struggles, yes. Ideological struggles, yes. But ethnicity-based struggles, no.
The idea of self-determination in the sense it is understood in Ethiopian politics (based on ethnicity and leading to secession) and used by the TPLF/EPLF does not mix with solidarity and territorial integrity.
In theory, and on paper secession could be groups’ democratic right, but its implementation can come only by force, which is a violation of groups’ and individuals’ rights. We are witnessing how the enemy is making it a recipe for national disintegration. That is one of the major reasons why we oppose the TPLF regime. I urge us all, for the sake of solidarity, at least to make a moratorium on its use until we achieve democracy. That is the only way we can assure Ethiopia that we are no TPLF. Why do ethnic groups which do not want Ethiopia’s destruction need a concept that is being used to destroy their Ethiopia? Is it not wise to avoid an unnecessary risk? Here is a lesson we should learn from EtegeTayitu. When the Ethiopian politicians at Menelik’s palace discovered that article 17 of the Treaty of Wichale had a serious problem, endless amendments were proposed by the signatories to improve it.
Etege Tayitu’s proposal was that since the entire treaty was about commerce and friendship, and since the deletion of this risky article would not affect that purpose, the article should simply be deleted. Of course, Etege’s proposal outraged the Italian representative. Why? Because he had an ulterior motive in wanting to retain it, just as the TPLF/EPLF have one with respect to the principles of self-determination. Ethnic groups which want to use it as safety net or deterrent against the domination of the major ethnic groups should not be used by those who do not wish Ethiopia well. Let us together seek a device that will give every ethnic group the safety it needs but guarantees at the same time against the nation’s disintegration.
(2) The opposition needs astute leadership. Atse Menelik inherited a nation in which Atse Tewodros had sown the seed of unity but never reaped its fruit, even though he tried ceaselessly for over ten years. Atse Yohannes, with his religious attitude, was not one who could unite Ethiopia. Atse Menelik was able to achieve an unprecedented solidarity -- using a forceful combination of (more) carrot and (less) stick -- within a very short time. He took power of this ethnically diversified nation in 1889 and the Battle of Adwa, at which Ethiopians solidarity was at its best, took place only seven years later.
How did he do it? His biggest assets were foresight and magnanimity. He dared to escape from the Fortress of Meqdela, knowing too well that he could be hurled down the precipice if he were caught; he sought and received help from Queen Worqitu of Wello, knowing that she would risk her son’s life (who was in detention in Meqdela) if she let him proceed to Shoa. He came to Shoa with a few escorts knowing that the principality was in the hand of Ato Bezzabbih and his army. His general, Ras Gobena Dache, who won the south for the Atse (read “Ethiopia”), was originally his rival. Atse Tewodros, who took Abeto Menelik captive and kept him under house arrest, knew his remarkable qualities and gave him his daughter in marriage. Atse Tewodros’ regret when he heard of AbetoMenelik’s escape was that Menelik did not take his wife with him.
Menelik conducted the battle of Adwa from a relatively safe place since his life and death was the life and death of Ethiopia at that time. A disaster worse than that of Metemma would certainly have befallen the country if he had fallen in Adwa. He was a survivor; he knew when and how to fight. That was why he submitted to Atse Yohannes’ authority and gave up his title of niguse negest until he was crowned as such after the death of the Niguse Negest in 1889.
Atse Menelik was a revolutionary with a kind heart. Rancor, revenge, cruelty were not part of his vocabulary. He won over his enemies by showing them forgiveness and what seemed sincere love. If he had had the temperament of his predecessors, he would probably have executed King Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, who abused him publicly and fought him at Imbabo (1882). Atse Menelik understood that harsh treatment generates hatred among people and that hatred is the enemy of unity and peace. Everyone at his court thought that when he heard of the abuse of one of his vassals suffered in Tigray, he would have the offenders severely punished. But his response was, “A country is governed with sensitivity and shrewd tactics, not cruelty.” He is the first Ethiopian ruler who stopped the neftenya or militia from exploiting the peasantry. He was the first ruler in Ethiopian modern history who insisted on religious tolerance.
Was his army cruel in war? This is a silly question; war is cruel. Was the Atse unscrupulous? This is another silly question. When it comes to their interests, politicians are, as a rule, unscrupulous. Each of the three contenders forAtse Tewodros’ throne tried to outsmart the other and to use foreign powers to this end. DejjazmachKasa/Yohannes helped the British expedition to Meqdela; (Atse) Tekle Giyorgis/Gobeze did not help only because he was asked by the leader of the expedition to stay away; Nigus Menelik sent a congratulatory letter to Queen Victoria for the success of the expedition. What mattered to them was not how they took power but what they did with it. Did they help each other? Only so long as cooperation served their interests. Each felt a duty to defend his own realm -- the kings their principalities and the Atses their empire.
If we are unable to forgive in order to solidify our unity afresh, we do not deserve to enjoy the glory of the victory of Adwa, and certainly are not worthy to serve our country. We all have suffered in the past; that is why we are here now in beautiful America, away from the real home. But the time to free ourselves, for the sake of Ethiopia, from the anger against those who have harmed is long overdue. I want to tell you this: I have no personal enemy anywhere in the world, even in Zimbabwe. But Ethiopia has enemies at the palaces in Asmara and Addis Ababa. That is what concerns me. My enemies are Ethiopia’s enemies. I cannot understand those who feel differently on this matter.
How shall we find an astute leader? This question, which has been raised many times, brings me to another question. Why do we need that kind of a leader? Your answer may be "to be led by him or her.” But I am not certain that this is your sincere answer. Maybe we want a leader who will give us an Adwa type of victory, a victory won by our people so that we may bask in its glory. But how about a victory that we ourselves fight and win?
How about reaping the fruit of our own labor -- I mean a victory of struggle in which you and I participate? How long are we going to wait until something happens? If 90 percent of us are waiters, as we seem to be, who will cause that something to happen? I want you to ask yourselves: what is your personal role in liberating Ethiopia? Many of us are not only sitting idle, but are criticizing others for organizing themselves and trying to do something. It is a shame to try to cover up our shameful negligence of our responsibility towards our country by criticizing others. We think we are on top of things by despising others’ efforts. It does not work. Let us do something or help others who try to do something. Let us encourage them, or shut up. Discouraging others is a crime against Ethiopia.
(3) Respect is to be earned. The letters that Atse Yohannes wrote to world powers asking for help and justice did not earn respect for him or for Ethiopia. The contempt General Gordon and Warner Munzinger had for this great nationalist sends chills through the spine of everyone who recognizes him, as we all do, as his or her leader. AtseMenelik did not know how to write beggary. To the contrary, he regularly informed the world powers of his obligation to defend his ancestral land -- which was a warning that he would not sit idle while they meddled in Africa’s affairs. He bluffed and when it was inevitable he went to war and won.
The respect Atse Menelik earned went beyond Ethiopia and became the pride of Africa and of black people throughout the world. The British inquired if the Atse would grant an audience for their high-powered delegation to his palace. They sent the delegation with elaborate gifts when he consented. When the delegation arrived in Addis Ababa, it was asked to camp at its outskirts until the monarch was ready to receive it.
The message the British delegation brought included a phonographic greeting of Queen Victoria to Etege Tayitu. The delegation’s mission was to convey a request that Ethiopia [i.e. the Atse] prohibit the transit of arms to the Sudan. What business had the British in the Sudan? And how dare a colonialist power ask an African leader to cooperate with them to colonize an African country, a neighbor at that? Well, that is not what the Atse asked them.
To the contrary, he assured them that he would cooperate with them, explaining that the Sudanese were his enemies as well. What the British did not know was that the Atse had long ago established a friendly relationship with his neighbors. In fact, a Sudanese delegation was in his palace, sitting behind curtains, while the negotiation with the British delegation was underway. The British were shocked and embarrassed when the Atse hinted to them that he knew how they had helped Italy occupy Massawa in 1885.
They did not know what to say, nor understand why Menelik mentioned it to them at that particular moment. The Atse’s intent, of course, was to let them know that he would give them a taste of their own medicine in his diplomatic relations with them. He felt no obligation to keep his word when it was given to treacherous politicians.
The respect he earned and how are obvious. But did all black people share in this glory? You would rightly say “yes.” But white racists did not want this to be a black man’s victory over white man. The West could not tolerate the notion that “the inferior black race of Africa” had defeated “the superior white race of Europe.” So how did they deal with the victory of Adwa? Some blamed it on Baratieri, the Italian general who led the war. Others accused the Eritrean bandas who abandoned their Italian masters or came over to the side of Ethiopia. Others blamed their spies, Awalom and his brother, who chose to earn more birr than a few lire; others started to play the numbers game -- so many Shoans against so few Italians, as if they did not know this before the battle started.
Still others blamed it on the rugged terrain which “favored the Abyssinians,” as if the mountains had sprung up unexpectedly overnight and as if they were not more familiar to their cartographers and native allies more than to the Ethiopian army, most of which came from the far south and the west. The bravery of black Ethiopians, their impeccable patriotism, and the great sacrifice they made to defend Ethiopia were things the West refused to acknowledge.
The most interesting explanation, and one that did lasting damage to Ethiopians’ relation with non-Ethiopian blacks is what I read in the April 19, 1896 issue of The New York Times. It was titled, ‘The Most Gifted of Africans.” Unfortunately, the title, which is dangerous in itself, is mild when compared to the content of the article. Here is an excerpt:
The experience of the Italians during the past few years with the Abyssinians has shown beyond doubt that these mountaineers of “the Switzerland of Africa” are decidedly a superior race to the other people of the Dark Continent with whom the Europeans have come in contact in their colonization and partition schemes. To a great extent this superiority is the result of their origin and pedigree. Although (they are) the modern representatives of the Ethiopians of myth and history, they are in reality not Ethiopians at all. They are not black, but are of Caucasian descent as pure as the Anglo-Saxon or the Celt. Language and physiology stamp them as members of the Semitic race, and, consequently, as kindred peoples to the Babylonians, the Assyrians. To t
In truth, the Abyssinians are not originally an African race at all. Their earliest traditions point to Southern Arabia as their original seat, and by a singular piece of good fortune, the German traveler, Edward Glaser, who has made four scientific journeys to Southern Arabia, hitherto never explored, has found there the indubitable evidences of the existence of the Abyssinian people in these districts before the days of Christ.
Edward Glaser had, indeed, been to South Arabia and “had found there the indubitable evidences of the existence of ... Abyssinian people...È just as you and I have found here where we are now, “indubitable evidence” of the existence of Ethiopians in 1996. But that does not make this place the origin of the Ethiopians! The point is, no matter what the West did, it was forced to respect both Menelik and Ethiopia.
(4) Promote gender equality, and rely on each other: Whenever the question of solving national problems arises, we think, generally speaking, of the male population as the source for answers. This is a mistake we must correct. For Atse Menelik, his consort Etege Tayitu was the major source of his wisdom and strength. Tayitu was, indeed, a wise and courageous woman. But in giving her the credit she deserves, people often forget that it was AtseMenelik’s treatment of people that gave Tayitu the chance to be her name, “a shining sun.” And his attitude served him well: According to the chronicler, “Shoa’s good fortune came about since Tayitu Bitul. Since then the kingdom of Abba Dagnew [Dagnew was Atse Menelik’s horse name] expanded by the day. The horse of Abba Dagnew, having the horse of Gobena Daqe [= Dache] as its advance power, refused to recognize borders.”
How did Atse Menelik develop this enlightened attitude towards women? Perhaps from the relatively powerful position of the women in his family as he was growing up. Ras Sahle Sillase, Atse Menelik’s grandfather, used to stand as a servant in front of his mother (adegdegew), even after he became nigus of Shoa. And he never made any decision which his wife Weyzero Bezzabish had not approved.
Of course, as the subject of this talk is Adwa, I use the example of Menelik and Tayitu, but obviously, my point is not just that men should let their wives help them, but that we must permit -- and demand -- that women in all walks of life play an equal part in the political and social life of our nation. Such equality is in the best interests of each of us and of Ethiopia, and the rightful place of Ethiopian women.
(5) Lessons for the TPLF. The TPLF can also learn a lesson from Adwa. History cannot be distorted or erased. Distortion may serve as powerful propaganda for the day but in the final analysis both distortions and propaganda become an unerasable disgrace for those who advocated them. Think what the coming generations of Ethiopians will say whenever the TPLF/EPLF and their leaders are mentioned.
Moreover, no matter what one does, history cannot be undone. The Italians came to Ethiopia forty years after Adwa, burnt its people with poisonous gas, and declared that they had avenged their 1896 defeat and erased it from the pages of history. But had they? Obviously not. Rather, Italy’s aggression and its crimes of 1936 are remembered as Italy’s second disgrace and Adwa is remembered annually with pride and joy.
Perhaps there are parts of Ethiopian history the TPLF does not like, such as the country’s struggle to survive as a nation? Well, like it or not, that glorious history of survival cannot be erased. The best the TPLF may do is to overshadow Ethiopia’s past history by making its own stunning patriotic history. What it is doing now at Adwa will be remembered always for what it is: a disgrace.
(6) Lessons for TPLF supporters: Do the supporters of TPLF/EPLF have a lesson to learn from the victory at Adwa? The answer is emphatically yes! It would have been very difficult, if not impossible, to defeat the colonialists if General Baratieri’s local supporters had not come to the side of their Ethiopia at that very critical moment in the history of their country. When Bartieri’s Ethiopian supporters realized that the issue was not the usual family feud but the survival of Ethiopia, they sent the colonialists packing. Division after division of native Eritreans and Tigreans on whom Baratieri had relied heavily for the success of his invasion came to the side of Atse Menelik. Following the divisions, the civilian population did what it could do, cutting communication lines between Asmara and Baratieri’s camp and harassing Baratieri’s army.
I challenge you, my brothers and sisters from the north, to open your mind and allow your eyes to see what I and all objective observers see. There is absolutely no reason why you and I should be on different sides if we all have Ethiopia’s well being in mind. I urge you not to side any more with Ethiopia’s enemies. Give up your ideology of “Tigrenya speakers first.” It is a cruel idea born from a selfish mind.
And if we do have different visions for Ethiopia, let us each present our visions to the Ethiopian people, first giving our word under oath that we will support whatever the people choose. Let our struggle be for the Ethiopian nation to be free to choose what it wants. Let our music be Ethiopians’ song of “Free at last.”
7. Unity and the Orominya Speakers. Orominya speakers are, as far as I know, at the forefront of the struggle to promote unity among Ethiopians. They work with COEDF; one hears them at AAPO meetings. We see them at political gatherings called to discuss unity, liberation and the democratization of Ethiopia. This should not surprise non-Orominya speakers. If the Oromo are not for a united Ethiopia, then who will be? Orominya speakers constitute one of the two largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia. Moreover, since the sixteenth century, the Ethiopian polity has been dominated and administered by the Oromo. Their demographics and their political activity have largely shaped the country as well as the state.
Unfortunately, it appears that many non-Orominya speakers believe that the Oromo do not support a united Ethiopia. This erroneous impression is most likely a result of the fact that, unlike the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), the Oromo who advocate Ethiopia’s territorial integrity are not organized independent of other political organizations. While their choice not to be organized along ethnic lines is highly commendable, the politically detrimental repercussions of that choice are clear. It has allowed the OLF and other non-unionist Oromo groups to claim that they represent all of the Oromos, including the unionists. It is time for the unionist Oromos to make it clear that OLF’s secessionist agenda is not their agenda. Oromos for a united Ethiopia must be heard loud and clear. It is time for these Ethiopians to invent a means by which they show the world their views about their country Ethiopia.
The Oromos and other ethnic groups must realize that they are subject to exploitation if they do not establish inter-group solidarity. I believe that the aspiration of all ethnic groups of Ethiopia can be attained within united Ethiopia if all Ethiopians lay the foundation for that unity.
(8) Zealous Patriots: I am not sure what zealous patriots can learn from the victory of Adwa and Menelik’s experience in leading a multi-ethnic nation. The Ethiopians I call zealous patriots are those who, like myself, do not want to compromise the territorial integrity of Ethiopia. For them the preservation of Ethiopia’s unity is of paramount importance. How many such Ethiopians are there at this gathering?
Can you tell me what would make you change your mind about Ethiopia’s unity? Nothing, right? Good, but how about TPLF’s/EPLF’s policy of hatred? These two enemies of Ethiopia use hatred as a system to keep linguistic groups apart. For example, I presume you will agree that many Amharic speakers are zealous patriots. It is no accident then, that Amharic speakers are targets of TPLF’s/EPLF’s policy of hatred and persecution. Wives of such zealots have been raped before the eyes of their children and husbands; young girls have been taken away from their families to serve as concubines and servants; men have been slaughtered with kitchen knives. Such atrocities, too many to recount here, have all been committed with the goal of promoting amongst other Amharic speaking zealots an attitude of “to hell with Tigrinya speakers; to hell with Orominya speakers, to hell with the Somalis”, etc. If the TPLF achieves its goal, as it seems it has, at least in some corners, these zealous patriots have indeed changed their minds regarding the question of Ethiopia’s territorial integrity. I read an article recently which enjoyed a warm reception among zealous patriots, primarily because the article called for the secession of Ethiopia from Tigray. This is clearly a change of mind.
Can we wish that the river Mereb remain a divide between Eritrea and the rest of Ethiopia and at the same time consider ourselves zealous patriots or hager weddad Ityopiyawiyan? Can we wish that Tigray secede because opportunist Tigrinya speakers are used by the TPLF/EPLF as catalysts to divide and rule and at the same time consider ourselves zealous patriots? Will the atrocities perpetrated on Amharic speakers by members of the Oromo Liberation Front in Arsi, Chercher and other places make us wish that the Oromo secede? If yes, then where is our uncompromising stand towards the territorial integrity of Ethiopia? Are we for or against secession?
My suggestion is as follows. We must deal with the contradiction in our reasoning either by recognizing that we are not the advocates of one Ethiopia we imagine ourselves to be, or, preferably, by establishing a new and sincere relationship between members of the different ethnic groups that oppose the TPLF/EPLF but have reservations about working with others to form a united Ethiopia.
We should start by asking ourselves this simple question: Why are some of us for secession and some of us for the territorial integrity of the country? Let us find the answer and deal with it up front. Could it be because the previous systems have made some of us feel that the state is ours while it made others feel the opposite? If so, it is time that we all agree on a system that can make every Ethiopian feel that the country, and the state belongs to him or her. If I reject a system it should be not only because it alienates me or allows others to infringe on my rights but also because it alienates other Ethiopians and allows me infringe on their rights. In short, I cannot support a system that is not fair to all Ethiopians. We can and must create a system that we all can support.
What the TPLF/EPLF are doing to Ethiopia is a phenomenon for which one can hardly find a parallel in the country’s history. Some people compare this national disgrace with the Zemene Mesafint (1769-1872) during which the warlords divided the country into, administratively speaking, semi-independent principalities. There are, indeed, some similarities between the two:
One of the similarities is the fact that both periods were initiated by Tigrinya speakers, that of the Zemene Mesafintby Mika’el Sihul and his Tigrean army. But it is the differences which should concern us.
First, during the Zemene Mesafint, none of the chieftains or warlords ever thought that his realm was not part of Ethiopia. None of them was so engrossed, like the killil politicians, in the affairs of his or her realm only. Ethiopia was always their identity. You would be amazed to see the similarity among some of the letters they wrote to foreign powers on affairs of national concern. Yes, they fought among themselves, but primarily for the right to be the national leader of Ethiopia, by gaining territory inch by inch or all at once.
Second, during the Zemene Mesafint, Ethiopians lived wherever they wanted and intermarried freely, without being harassed by anyone -- ruler or common citizen -- for their choices. Ethnicity did not then, as it does how, put people asunder.
Third, the principality administration (following the central administration), the national commerce, the national education, and foreign relation had a de facto common language, a lingua franca. You may say that today too we have the same language performing the same service. Yes, but the TPLF/EPLF is bent on cutting the linguistic link that bands the nation. The Woyyane have already seen to it that its use outside the so-called Amhara Bantustan is being curtailed. For the first time in the nation’s history, the letterheads of Ethiopian embassies are void of national language and script. Children of Amharic-speaking Ethiopians in non-Amhara Bantustans are not allowed to receive education in the language their ancestors taught them.
The rationale of the TPLF and its killiI surrogates is that since non-Amharic speakers were forced to be educated in the national language under previous governments, these children should be instructed in a language they do not know. Ironically, those who maintain this position know, unlike those who administered the previous governments, that what they are doing is terribly wrong. It is ethnic revenge!
The Derg and the TPLF/EPLF are the last groups that one would wish upon an enemy, let alone upon our Ethiopia. Ethiopians did not deserve the Derg, and they do not deserve the TPLF. A group whose world is ethnicity is not qualified to speak in the name of a multi ethnic nation. It is time for them to go. Let us pray and do what it takes to replace them. It is not only Americans, who say, “no pain no gain.” Many years ago the Ethiopian poet has put it succinctly and beautifully:
“Without the cross and trial in struggle, No one is able to accomplish anything good”
I would like to conclude by confessing that I realize that I may offend many people by my opposition to the TPLF/EPLF and my uncompromising stand against ethnic policies which are bent on changing or scrapping my identity. But I would like to assure these people that I do not offend them as much as people who support the TPLF/EPLF offend Ethiopia.
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